CAN INDIA BUILD FRONTIER AI WITHOUT CHIP DOMINANCE?

AI is increasingly a measure of global power, dependent on chip manufacturing and supporting infrastructure. India's position remains ambiguous: it has the human capital and data reserves to play a significant role, yet falls short on the foundational technologies required for frontier AI leadership. The core dilemma centers on AI sovereignty. Should India commit resources to building homegrown frontier AI models despite shortfalls in semiconductor access, infrastructure, and capital? Or pursue a different path? According to Srikanth Velamakanni, co-founder of Fractal Analytics—India's first publicly listed pure-play AI company—the equation involves balancing sovereignty, security, and long-term competitiveness. Experts including Indian Institute of Technology professors are examining whether such investments justify the resource commitment. The debate reflects broader concerns about technological independence and the concentration of AI power among nations controlling chip production. For India, the decision carries implications beyond economics, touching national capability and strategic autonomy in an AI-driven world.